Definition of Tobin's Q

Tobin's Q

Market value of assets divided by replacement value of assets. A tobin's Q ratio greater than 1
indicates the firm has done well with its investment decisions.

Q ratio or Tobin's Q ratio

Market value of a firm's assets divided by replacement value of the firm's assets.
Quadratic programming Variant of linear programming whereby the equations are quadratic rather than linear.

Account Value

The sum of all the interest options in your policy, including interest.

Accumulated Value

An amount of money invested plus the interest earned on that money.

Acquisition of assets

A merger or consolidation in which an acquirer purchases the selling firm's assets.

Adjusted present value (APV)

The net present value analysis of an asset if financed solely by equity
(present value of un-levered cash flows), plus the present value of any financing decisions (levered cash
flows). In other words, the various tax shields provided by the deductibility of interest and the benefits of
other investment tax credits are calculated separately. This analysis is often used for highly leveraged
transactions such as a leverage buy-out.

Affirmative covenant

A bond covenant that specifies certain actions the firm must take.

approximated net realizable value at split-off allocation

a method of allocating joint cost to joint products using a
simulated net realizable value at the split-off point; approximated
value is computed as final sales price minus
incremental separate costs

Assets

A firm's productive resources.

ASSETS

Anything of value that a company owns.

Assets

Things that the business owns.

Assets

Items owned by the company or expenses that have been paid for but have not been used up.

Assets requirements

A common element of a financial plan that describes projected capital spending and the
proposed uses of net working capital.

Auction markets

Markets in which the prevailing price is determined through the free interaction of
prospective buyers and sellers, as on the floor of the stock exchange.

Bargain-purchase-price option

Gives the lessee the option to purchase the asset at a price below fair Market
value when the lease expires.

Bear market

Any Market in which prices are in a declining trend.

bear market

A Market in which stock or bond prices are generally
falling.

Bear Market

A prolonged period of falling stock Market prices.

Benefit Value

The amount of cash payable on a benefit.

Black market

An illegal Market.

Bond value

With respect to convertible bonds, the value the security would have if it were not convertible
apart from the conversion option.

Book value

A company's book value is its total assets minus intangible assets and liabilities, such as debt. A
company's book value might be more or less than its Market value.

BOOK VALUE

An asset’s cost basis minus accumulated depreciation.

Book Value

The value of an asset as carried on the balance sheet of a
company. In reference to the value of a company, it is the net worth
(equity) of the company.

Book value

An asset’s original cost, less any depreciation that has been subsequently incurred.

book value

Net worth of the firm’s assets or liabilities according
to the balance sheet.

book value and book value per share

Generally speaking, these terms
refer to the balance sheet value of an asset (or less often of a liability) or
the balance sheet value of owners’ equity per share. Either term emphasizes
that the amount recorded in the accounts or on the books of a business
is the value being used. The total of the amounts reported for
owners’ equity in its balance sheet is divided by the number of stock
shares of a corporation to determine the book value per share of its capital
stock.

BOOK VALUE OF COMMON STOCK

The theoretical amount per share that each stockholder would receive if a company’s assets were sold on the balance sheet’s date. Book value equals:
(Stockholders’ equity) / (Common stock shares outstanding)

Book value per share

The ratio of stockholder equity to the average number of common shares. Book value
per share should not be thought of as an indicator of economic worth, since it reflects accounting valuation
(and not necessarily Market valuation).

Book Value per Share

The book value of a company divided by the number of shares
outstanding

Brokered market

A Market where an intermediary offers search services to buyers and sellers.

Bull market

Any Market in which prices are in an upward trend.

bull market

A Market in which stock or bond prices are generally rising.

Bull Market

A prolonged period of rising stock Market prices.

Bulldog market

The foreign Market in the United Kingdom.

Business Expansion Investment

The use of capital to create more money through the addition of fixed assets or through income producing vehicles.

business-value-added activity

an activity that is necessary for the operation of the business but for which a customer would not want to pay

CAPITAL IN EXCESS OF PAR VALUE

What a company collected when it sold stock for more than the par value per share.

capital investment analysis

Refers to various techniques and procedures
used to determine or to analyze future returns from an investment
of capital in order to evaluate the capital recovery pattern and the
periodic earnings from the investment. The two basic tools for capital
investment analysis are (1) spreadsheet models (which I strongly prefer)
and (2) mathematical equations for calculating the present value or
internal rate of return of an investment. Mathematical methods suffer
from a lack of information that the decision maker ought to consider. A
spreadsheet model supplies all the needed information and has other
advantages as well.

Capital Investments

Money used to purchase fixed assets for a business, such as land, buildings, or machinery. Also, money invested in a business on the understanding that it will be used to purchase permanent assets rather than to cover day-to-day operating expenses.

Capital market

The Market for trading long-term debt instruments (those that mature in more than one year).

Capital market

The Market in which investors buy and sell shares of companies, normally associated with a Stock Exchange.

Capital Market

A Market that specializes in trading long-term, relatively high risk
securities

Capital Market

The Market in which savings are made available to those needing funds to undertake investment projects. A financial Market in which longer-term (maturity greater than one year) bonds and stocks are traded.

Capital market efficiency

Reflects the relative amount of wealth wasted in making transactions. An efficient
capital Market allows the transfer of assets with little wealth loss. See: efficient Market hypothesis.

Capital market imperfections view

The view that issuing debt is generally valuable but that the firm's
optimal choice of capital structure is a dynamic process that involves the other views of capital structure (net
corporate/personal tax, agency cost, bankruptcy cost, and pecking order), which result from considerations of
asymmetric information, asymmetric taxes, and transaction costs.

Capital market line (CML)

The line defined by every combination of the risk-free asset and the Market portfolio.

capital markets

Markets for long-term financing.

Carrying value

Book value.

Cash markets

Also called spot Markets, these are Markets that involve the immediate delivery of a security
or instrument.
Related: derivative Markets.

Cash-surrender value

An amount the insurance company will pay if the policyholder ends a whole life
insurance policy.

Cash Surrender Value

This is the amount available to the owner of a life insurance policy upon voluntary termination of the policy before it becomes payable by the death of the life insured. This does not apply to term insurance but only to those policies which have reduced paid up values and cash surrender values. A cash surrender in lieu of death benefit usually has tax implications.

Cash Surrender Value

Benefit that entitles a policy owner to an amount of money upon cancellation of a policy.

Cash value added (CVA)

A method of investment appraisal that calculates the ratio of the net present value of an
investment to the initial capital investment.

Closing purchase

A transaction in which the purchaser's intention is to reduce or eliminate a short position in
a stock, or in a given series of options.

Common market

An agreement between two or more countries that permits the free movement of capital
and labor as well as goods and services.

Common stock market

The Market for trading equities, not including preferred stock.

Complete capital market

A Market in which there is a distinct Marketable security for each and every
possible outcome.

Confirmation

he written statement that follows any "trade" in the securities Markets. Confirmation is issued
immediately after a trade is executed. It spells out settlement date, terms, commission, etc.

Conversion value

Also called parity value, the value of a convertible security if it is converted immediately.

Corner A Market

To purchase enough of the available supply of a commodity or stock in order to
manipulate its price.

Current assets

value of cash, accounts receivable, inventories, Marketable securities and other assets that
could be converted to cash in less than 1 year.

Current assets

Cash, things that will be converted into cash within a year (such as accounts receivable), and inventory.

Current assets

Amounts receivable by the business within a period of 12 months, including bank, debtors, inventory and prepayments.

current assets

Current refers to cash and those assets that will be turned
into cash in the short run. Five types of assets are classified as current:
cash, short-term Marketable investments, accounts receivable, inventories,
and prepaid expenses—and they are generally listed in this order in
the balance sheet.

Current Assets

Cash and other company assets that can be readily turned into cash within one year.

Dealer market

A Market where traders specializing in particular commodities buy and sell assets for their
own accounts.

Debt market

The Market for trading debt instruments.

Derivative markets

Markets for derivative instruments.

Direct search market

Buyers and sellers seek each other directly and transact directly.

Direct stock-purchase programs

The purchase by investors of securities directly from the issuer.

Dividend reinvestment plan (DRP)

Automatic reinvestment of shareholder dividends in more shares of a
company's stock, often without commissions. Some plans provide for the purchase of additional shares at a
discount to Market price. Dividend reinvestment plans allow shareholders to accumulate stock over the Long
term using dollar cost averaging. The DRP is usually administered by the company without charges to the
holder.

DLOM (discount for lack of marketability)

an amount or percentage deducted from an equity interest to reflect lack of Marketability.

Domestic market

Part of a nation's internal Market representing the mechanisms for issuing and trading
securities of entities domiciled within that nation. Compare external Market and foreign Market.

Economic Value Added (EVA)

Operating profit, adjusted to remove distortions caused by certain accounting rules, less a charge
to cover the cost of capital invested in the business.

economic value added (EVA)

a measure of the extent to which income exceeds the dollar cost of capital; calculated
as income minus (invested capital times the cost of capital percentage)

economic value added (EVA)

Term used by the consulting firm Stern Stewart for profit remaining after deduction of the cost
of the capital employed.

Efficient capital market

A Market in which new information is very quickly reflected accurately in share
prices.

efficient capital markets

Financial Markets in which security prices rapidly reflect all relevant information about asset values.

Efficient Market Hypothesis

In general the hypothesis states that all relevant information is fully and
immediately reflected in a security's Market price thereby assuming that an investor will obtain an equilibrium
rate of return. In other words, an investor should not expect to earn an abnormal return (above the Market
return) through either technical analysis or fundamental analysis. Three forms of efficient Market hypothesis
exist: weak form (stock prices reflect all information of past prices), semi-strong form (stock prices reflect all
publicly available information) and strong form (stock prices reflect all relevant information including insider
information).

Efficient Markets Hypothesis

The hypothesis that securities are typically in equilibrium--that they are fairly priced in the sense that the price reflects all publicly available information on the security.

Either-way market

In the interbank Eurodollar deposit Market, an either-way Market is one in which the bid
and offered rates are identical.

Emerging markets

The financial Markets of developing economies.

Equilibrium market price of risk

The slope of the capital Market line (CML). Since the CML represents the
return offered to compensate for a perceived level of risk, each point on the line is a balanced Market
condition, or equilibrium. The slope of the line determines the additional return needed to compensate for a
unit change in risk.

Equity investment

Through equity investment, investors gain part ownership of the corporation. The primary type of equity investment is corporate stock.

Equity market

Related:Stock Market

Eurocurrency market

The money Market for borrowing and lending currencies that are held in the form of
deposits in banks located outside the countries of the currencies issued as legal tender.

Excess return on the market portfolio

The difference between the return on the Market portfolio and the
riskless rate.

Exchange of assets

Acquisition of another company by purchase of its assets in exchange for cash or stock.

Exercise value

The amount of advantage over a current Market transaction provided by an in-the-money
option.

Exit value

The value that an asset is expected to have at the time it is sold at a predetermined
point in the future.

Expected return on investment

The return one can expect to earn on an investment. See: capital asset
pricing model.

Expected value

The weighted average of a probability distribution.

Expected Value

The value of the possible outcomes of a variable weighted by the
probabilities of each outcome

Expected value of perfect information

The expected value if the future uncertain outcomes could be known
minus the expected value with no additional information.

External market

Also referred to as the international Market, the offshore Market, or, more popularly, the
EuroMarket, the mechanism for trading securities that (1) at issuance are offered simultaneously to investors
in a number of countries and (2) are issued outside the jurisdiction of any single country. Related: internal
Market

Extraordinary positive value

A positive net present value.

Face value

See: Par value.

Face Value

The nominal value of a security. Also called the par value.

Face value

The maturity value of a security. Also known as par value,
principal value, or redemption value.

face value

Payment at the maturity of the bond. Also called par value or maturity value.

Face Value

The payoff value of a bond upon maturity. Also called par value. See principal.

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