Financial Terms
Competence

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Definition of Competence

Competence Image 1

Competence

Sufficient ability or fitness for ones needs. Possessing the necessary abilities to be qualified to
achieve a certain goal or complete a project.



Related Terms:

Core competency

Primary area of competence. Narrowly defined fields or tasks at which a company or
business excels. Primary areas of specialty.


Z score

Statistical measure that quantifies the distance (measured in standard deviations) a data point is from
the mean of a data set. Separately, z score is the output from a credit-strength test that gauges the likelihood of
bankruptcy.


Balanced Scorecard

A system of non-financial performance measurement that links innovation, customer and process measures to financial performance.


balanced scorecard (BSC)

an approach to performance
measurement that weighs performance measures from four
perspectives: financial performance, an internal business
perspective, a customer perspective, and an innovation and
learning perspective


Core Earnings

A measure of earnings that includes only the results of the primary operating
activities of the firm. It is most common to see the measure used by financial firms.



DLOM (discount for lack of marketability)

an amount or percentage deducted from an equity interest to reflect lack of marketability.


QMDM (quantitative marketability discount model)

model for calculating DLOM for minority interests r the discount rate


Competence Image 1

Asset/liability management

Also called surplus management, the task of managing funds of a financial
institution to accomplish the two goals of a financial institution:
1) to earn an adequate return on funds invested, and
2) to maintain a comfortable surplus of assets beyond liabilities.


Availability float

Checks deposited by a company that have not yet been cleared.


Base probability of loss

The probability of not achieving a portfolio expected return.


Basic business strategies

Key strategies a firm intends to pursue in carrying out its business plan.


Blue-chip company

Large and creditworthy company.


Business cycle

Repetitive cycles of economic expansion and recession.


Business failure

A business that has terminated with a loss to creditors.


Business risk

The risk that the cash flow of an issuer will be impaired because of adverse economic
conditions, making it difficult for the issuer to meet its operating expenses.


Certainty equivalent

An amount that would be accepted in lieu of a chance at a possible higher, but
uncertain, amount.


Competence Image 2

Company-specific risk

Related: Unsystematic risk


Complete capital market

A market in which there is a distinct marketable security for each and every
possible outcome.



Complete portfolio

The entire portfolio, including risky and risk-free assets.


Contingent pension liability

Under ERISA, the firm is liable to the plan participants for up to 39% of the net
worth of the firm.


Conventional project

A project with a negative initial cash flow (cash outflow), which is expected to be
followed by one or more future positive cash flows (cash inflows).


Cost company arrangement

Arrangement whereby the shareholders of a project receive output free of
charge but agree to pay all operating and financing charges of the project.


Cumulative probability distribution

A function that shows the probability that the random variable will
attain a value less than or equal to each value that the random variable can take on.


Current liabilities

Amount owed for salaries, interest, accounts payable and other debts due within 1 year.


Defined benefit plan

A pension plan in which the sponsor agrees to make specified dollar payments to
qualifying employees. The pension obligations are effectively the debt obligation of the plan sponsor.
Related: defined contribution plan


Defined contribution plan

A pension plan in which the sponsor is responsible only for making specified
contributions into the plan on behalf of qualifying participants. Related: defined benefit plan
Delayed issuance pool Refers to MBSs that at the time of issuance were collateralized by seasoned loans
originated prior to the MBS pool issue date.


Depository Trust Company (DTC)

DTC is a user-owned securities depository which accepts deposits of
eligible securities for custody, executes book-entry deliveries and records book-entry pledges of securities in
its custody, and provides for withdrawals of securities from its custody.


Competence Image 3

Dow Jones industrial average

This is the best known U.S.index of stocks. It contains 30 stocks that trade on
the New York Stock Exchange. The Dow, as it is called, is a barometer of how shares of the largest
U.S.companies are performing. There are thousands of investment indexes around the world for stocks,
bonds, currencies and commodities.



Holding company

A corporation that owns enough voting stock in another firm to control management and
operations by influencing or electing its board of directors.


Independent project

A project whose acceptance or rejection is independent of the acceptance or rejection of
other projects.


Inflation uncertainty

The fact that future inflation rates are not known. It is a possible contributing factor to
the makeup of the term structure of interest rates.


Intercompany loan

Loan made by one unit of a corporation to another unit of the same corporation.


Intercompany transaction

Transaction carried out between two units of the same corporation.


Liability

A financial obligation, or the cash outlay that must be made at a specific time to satisfy the
contractual terms of such an obligation.


Liability funding strategies

Investment strategies that select assets so that cash flows will equal or exceed
the client's obligations.


Liability swap

An interest rate swap used to alter the cash flow characteristics of an institution's liabilities so
as to provide a better match with its assets.


Limited liability

Limitation of possible loss to what has already been invested.


Limited-liability instrument

A security, such as a call option, in which the owner can only lose his initial
investment.


Long-term liabilities

Amount owed for leases, bond repayment and other items due after 1 year.


Limited-liability instrument

A security, such as a call option, in which the owner can only lose his initial investment.


Marketability

A negotiable security is said to have good marketability if there is an active secondary market
in which it can easily be resold.


Nondiversifiability of human capital

The difficulty of diversifying one's human capital (the unique
capabilities and expertise of individuals) and employment effort.


Normal probability distribution

A probability distribution for a continuous random variable that is forms a
symmetrical bell-shaped curve around the mean.


Other long term liabilities

Value of leases, future employee benefits, deferred taxes and other obligations
not requiring interest payments that must be paid over a period of more than 1 year.


Primary market

The first buyer of a newly issued security buys that security in the Primary market. All
subsequent trading of those securities is done in the secondary market.


Primary offering

A firm selling some of its own newly issued shares to investors.


Probability

The relative likelihood of a particular outcome among all possible outcomes.


Probability density function

The probability function for a continuous random variable.


Probability distribution

Also called a probability function, a function that describes all the values that the random variable can
take and the probability associated with each.


Probability function

A function that assigns a probability to each and every possible outcome.


Profitability index

The present value of the future cash flows divided by the initial investment. Also called
the benefit-cost ratio.


Profitability ratios

Ratios that focus on the profitability of the firm. Profit margins measure performance
with relation to sales. Rate of return ratios measure performance relative to some measure of size of the
investment.


Project loan certificate (PLC)

A Primary program of Ginnie Mae for securitizing FHA-insured and coinsured
multifamily, hospital, and nursing home loans.


Project loan securities

Securities backed by a variety of FHA-insured loan types - primarily multi-family
apartment buildings, hospitals, and nursing homes.


Project loans

Usually FHA-insured and HUD-guaranteed mortgages on multiple-family housing complexes,
nursing homes, hospitals, and other development types.


Project notes (PNs)

project notes are issued by municipalities to finance federally sponsored programs in
urban renewal and housing and are guaranteed by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development.
project financing A form of asset-based financing in which a firm finances a discrete set of assets on a standalone
basis.
projected benefit obligation (PBO) A measure of a pension plan's liability at the calculation date assuming
that the plan is ongoing and will not terminate in the foreseeable future. Related:accumulated benefit obligation.


Projected maturity date

With CMOs, final payment at the end of the estimated cash flow window.


Risk-adjusted profitability

A probability used to determine a "sure" expected value (sometimes called a
certainty equivalent) that would be equivalent to the actual risky expected value.


Subjective probabilities

Probabilities that are determined subjectively (for example, on the basis of
judgement rather than using statistical sampling).


Unlimited liability

Full liability for the debt and other obligations of a legal entity. The general partners of a
partnership have unlimited liability.


Current liabilities

Bills a company must pay within the next twelve months.


LIABILITIES

What a company owes to its creditors. In other words, debts.


LONG-TERM LIABILITIES

Bills that are payable in more than one year, such as a mortgage or bonds.


Accountability

The process of satisfying stakeholders in the organization that managers have acted in the best interests of the stakeholders, a result of the stewardship function of managers, which takes place through accounting.


Current liabilities

Amounts due and payable by the business within a period of 12 months, e.g. bank overdraft, creditors and accruals.


Liabilities

Debts that the business owns.


Long-term liabilities

Amounts owing after more than one year.


Profitability index

See cash value added.


Liabilities

Amounts owed by the company.


current liabilities

Current means that these liabilities require payment in
the near term. Generally, these include accounts payable, accrued
expenses payable, income tax payable, short-term notes payable, and
the portion of long-term debt that will come due during the coming year.
Keep in mind that a business may roll over its debt; the old, maturing
debt may be replaced in part or in whole by new borrowing.


spontaneous liabilities

See operating liabilities.


Companyspecific Risk

See asset-specific risk


Independent Projects

A situation where an increase (or decrease) in the benefits of one
project has no effect on the benefits of another project. Also, a
situation where the acceptance of one project does not preclude
the acceptance of another project.


Primary Market

Market where debt and equity securities are sold by an issuing
company to investors to raise capital for its operations


Probability Distribution

A list of all possible outcomes and the chance of each outcome
occurring


Profitability Index

A method for determining the profitability of an investment. It is
calculated by dividing the present value of the future net cash flows
by the initial cash investment.


Project

An investment opportunity for a company


business intelligence (BI) system

a formal process for gathering and analyzing information and producing intelligence to meet decision making needs; requires information about
internal processes as well as knowledge, technologies, and competitors


business process reengineering (BPR)

the process of combining information technology to create new and more effective
business processes to lower costs, eliminate unnecessary
work, upgrade customer service, and increase
speed to market


business-value-added activity

an activity that is necessary for the operation of the business but for which a customer would not want to pay


design for manufacturability (DFM)

a process that is part of the project management of a new product; concerned with finding optimal solutions to minimizing product failures
and other adversities in the delivery of a new product
to customers


goal

a desired abstract achievement


goal congruence

a circumstance in which the personal and
organizational goals of decision makers throughout a firm
are consistent and mutually supportive


independent project

an investment project that has no specific
bearing on any other investment project


Internet business model

a model that involves
(1) few physical assets,
(2) little management hierarchy, and
(3) a direct pipeline to customers


limited liability company

an organizational form that is a hybrid of the corporate and partnership organizational
forms and used to limit the personal liability of the owners;
it is typically used by small professional (such as accounting) firms


limited liability partnership

an organizational form that is a hybrid of the corporate and partnership organizational
forms and used to limit the personal liability of the owners;
it is typically used by large professional (such as accounting) firms


mutually exclusive projects

a set of proposed capital projects from which one is chosen, causing all the others to be rejected


mutually inclusive projects

a set of proposed capital projects that are all related and that must all be chosen if the Primary project is chosen


probability distribution

a range of possible values for which each value has an assigned likelihood of occurrence


profitability index (Pl)

a ratio that compares the present value of net cash flows to the present value of the net investment


project

the purchase, installation, and operation of a capital asset


service company

an individual or firm engaged in a high or moderate degree of conversion that results in service output


total expected value (for a project)

the sum of the individual cash flows in a probability distribution multiplied by their related probabilities


units started and completed

the difference between the number of units completed for the period and the units in beginning inventory; it can also be computed as the number of units started during the period minus the units in ending inventory


Current liability

This is typically the accounts payable, short-term notes payable, and
accrued expense accounts on the balance sheet, or any other liabilities that are
expected to be liquidated within a short time interval.


Liability

A dollar amount of obligation payable to another entity.


Parent company

A company that retains control over one or more other companies.


Subsidiary company

A company that is controlled by another company through ownership
of the majority of its voting stock.


availability float

Checks already deposited that have not yet been cleared.


company cost of capital

Expected rate of return demanded by investors in a company, determined by the average risk of the company’s assets and operations.


Dow Jones Industrial Average

Index of the investment performance of a portfolio of 30 “blue-chip” stocks.


limited liability

The owners of the corporation are not personally responsible for its obligations.


mutually exclusive projects

Two or more projects that cannot be pursued simultaneously.



 

 

 

 

 

 

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