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Financial Terms | |
Z score |
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Definition of Z scoreZ scoreStatistical measure that quantifies the distance (measured in standard deviations) a data point is from
Related Terms:ABC TestA test used to determine the status of an employee under a state unemployment Accidental Dismemberment: (Credit Insurance)Provides additional financial security should an insured person be dismembered or lose the use of a limb as the result of an accident. Acid-test ratioAlso called the quick ratio, the ratio of current assets minus inventories, accruals, and prepaid ACID-TEST RATIOA ratio that shows how well a company could pay its current debts using only its most liquid or “quick” assets. It’s a more pessimistic—but also realistic—measure of safety than the current ratio, because it ignores sluggish, hard-toliquidate current assets like inventory and notes receivable. Here’s the formula: Acid-test RatioSee quick ratio acid test ratio (also called the quick ratio)The sum of cash, accounts receivable, and short-term marketable Acquisition of assetsA merger or consolidation in which an acquirer purchases the selling firm's assets. ![]() Allocation base A measure of activity or volume such as labourhours, machine hours or volume of production Amortization (Credit Insurance)Refers to the reduction of debt by regular payments of interest and principal in order to pay off a loan by maturity. Arithmetic average (mean) rate of returnArithmetic mean return. Arithmetic mean returnAn average of the subperiod returns, calculated by summing the subperiod returns AssetAny possession that has value in an exchange. AssetA resource, recorded through a transaction, that is expected to yield a benefit to a AssetSomething that is owned; a financial claim or a piece of property that is a store of value. AssetProbable future economic benefit that is obtained or controlled by an entity as a result of assetAnything owned by, or owed to, an individual or business which has commercial or exchange value (e.g., cash, property, etc.). ![]() AssetAll things of value owned by an individual or organization. Asset activity ratiosRatios that measure how effectively the firm is managing its assets. Asset allocation decisionThe decision regarding how an institution's funds should be distributed among the Asset-Backed SecuritiesBond or note secured by assets of company. Asset-backed securityA security that is collateralized by loans, leases, receivables, or installment contracts Asset-based financingMethods of financing in which lenders and equity investors look principally to the Asset-Based FinancingLoans granted usually by a financial institution where the asset being financed constitutes the sole security given to the lender. Asset classesCategories of assets, such as stocks, bonds, real estate and foreign securities. Asset CoverageExtent to which a company's net assets cover a particular debt obligation, class of preferred stock, or equity position. Asset-coverage testA bond indenture restriction that permits additional borrowing on if the ratio of assets to Asset/equity ratioThe ratio of total assets to stockholder equity. ![]() Asset for asset swapcreditors exchange the debt of one defaulting borrower for the debt of another Asset/liability managementAlso called surplus management, the task of managing funds of a financial asset mixThe weighting of assets in an investment portfolio among different asset classes (e.g. shares, bonds, property, cash, overseas investments. Asset pricing modelA model for determining the required rate of return on an asset. Asset pricing modelA model, such as the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM), that determines the required Asset-specific RiskThe amount of total risk that can be eliminated by diversification by Asset substitutionA firm's investing in assets that are riskier than those that the debtholders expected. Asset substitution problemArises when the stockholders substitute riskier assets for the firm's existing Asset swapAn interest rate swap used to alter the cash flow characteristics of an institution's assets so as to Asset turnoverThe ratio of net sales to total assets. asset turnovera ratio measuring asset productivity and showing the number of sales dollars generated by each dollar of assets asset turnover ratioA broad-gauge ratio computed by dividing annual AssetsA firm's productive resources. ASSETSAnything of value that a company owns. AssetsThings that the business owns. AssetsItems owned by the company or expenses that have been paid for but have not been used up. Assets requirementsA common element of a financial plan that describes projected capital spending and the Average (across-day) measuresAn estimation of price that uses the average or representative price of a Balanced ScorecardA system of non-financial performance measurement that links innovation, customer and process measures to financial performance. balanced scorecard (BSC)an approach to performance Bank for International Settlements (BIS)An international bank headquartered in Basel, Switzerland, which BankruptcyState of being unable to pay debts. Thus, the ownership of the firm's assets is transferred from bankruptcyThe reorganization or liquidation of a firm that cannot pay its debts. Bankruptcy cost viewThe argument that expected indirect and direct bankruptcy costs offset the other Bankruptcy riskThe risk that a firm will be unable to meet its debt obligations. Also referred to as default or insolvency risk. Bankruptcy viewThe argument that expected bankruptcy costs preclude firms from being financed entirely Basis pointIn the bond market, the smallest measure used for quoting yields is a basis point. Each percentage Basis PointOne one-hundredth of one percent Basis pointOne hundredth of one percentage point, or 0.0001. Basis PointOne one-hundredth of a percentage point, used to express variations in yields. For example, the difference between 5.36 percent and 5.38 percent is 2 basis points. Beneficiary (Credit Insurance)The person or party designated to receive proceeds entitled by a benefit. Payment of a benefit is triggered by an event. In the case of credit insurance, the beneficiary will always be the creditor. Best-interests-of-creditors testThe requirement that a claim holder voting against a plan of reorganization Bond pointsA conventional unit of measure for bond prices set at $10 and equivalent to 1% of the $100 face Borrower (Credit Insurance)A consumer who borrows money from a lender. break-even point (BEP)the level of activity, in units or dollars, at which total revenues equal total costs Breakeven pointThe point at which total costs equal total revenue, i.e. where there is neither a profit nor a loss. breakeven pointThe annual sales volume level at which total contribution Breakeven pointThe sales level at which a company, division, or product line makes a capital assetan asset used to generate revenues or cost savings Capital assetA fixed asset, something that is expected to have long-term usage within Capital asset pricing model (CAPM)An economic theory that describes the relationship between risk and Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM)A model for estimating equilibrium rates of return and values of capital asset pricing model (CAPM)Theory of the relationship between risk and return which states that the expected risk Capitalized Cost An expenditure or accrual that is reported as an asset to be amortized againstfuture-period revenue. Cash-flow break-even pointThe point below which the firm will need either to obtain additional financing Cash settlement contractsFutures contracts, such as stock index futures, that settle for cash, not involving Commercial Business Loan (Credit Insurance)An agreement between a creditor and a borrower, where the creditor has loaned an amount to the borrower for business purposes. Committee, AIMR Performance Presentation Standards Implementation CommitteeThe Association for Investment Management and Research (AIMR)'s Performance Presentation standards Implementation Comparative credit analysisA method of analysis in which a firm is compared to others that have a desired Consumer creditcredit granted by a firm to consumers for the purchase of goods or services. Also called Consumer Credit Protection ActA federal Act specifying the proportion of Contra-asset accountAn offset to an asset account that reduces the balance of the asset account. Contract Work Hours and Safety Standards ActA federal Act requiring federal contractors to pay overtime for hours worked exceeding 40 per week. Cost Accounting Standards Board (CASB)a body established by Congress in 1970 to promulgate cost accounting CreditMoney loaned. CreditBuying or selling goods or services now with the intention of payment following at some time in CreditOne side of a journal entry, usually depicted as the right side. CreditA rating of a company's credit (ability to payback debt), usually by a third party credit agency. creditOn your bank statement, 'credit' represents funds that you have deposited into your account. The opposite of a credit is a debit. Credit analysisThe process of analyzing information on companies and bond issues in order to estimate the credit analysisProcedure to determine the likelihood a customer will pay its bills. credit bureauAn organization that provides financial institutions with credit information concerning existing or potential customers who are looking to obtain credit services. credit cardA revolving source of credit with a pre-established limit. You have to pay interest on a credit card if you have an outstanding balance. Credit CrunchA decline in the ability or willingness of banks to lend. Credit enhancementPurchase of the financial guarantee of a large insurance company to raise funds. Credit LossA loan receivable that has proven uncollectible and is written off. credit memoA record of the funds which have been credited to your account. Credit periodThe length of time for which the customer is granted credit. credit policystandards set to determine the amount and nature of credit to extend to customers. Credit RationingRestriction of loans by lenders so that not all borrowers willing to pay the current interest rate are able to obtain loans. Credit riskThe risk that an issuer of debt securities or a borrower may default on his obligations, or that the Credit RiskFinancial and moral risk that an obligation will not be paid and a loss will result. Credit scoringA Statistical technique wherein several financial characteristics are combined to form a single Related to : financial, finance, business, accounting, payroll, inventory, investment, money, inventory control, stock trading, financial advisor, tax advisor, credit. |