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Financial Terms | |
Endogenous |
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Definition of EndogenousEndogenousDetermined from within the system. Opposite of exogenous.
Related Terms:Endogenous variableA value determined within the context of a model. VariableA value determined within the context of a model. Also called endogenous variable. Accelerated cost recovery system (ACRS)Schedule of depreciation rates allowed for tax purposes. Account ValueThe sum of all the interest options in your policy, including interest. Accounting systemA set of accounts that summarize the transactions of a business that have been recorded on source documents. Accumulated ValueAn amount of money invested plus the interest earned on that money. acid test ratio (also called the quick ratio)The sum of cash, accounts receivable, and short-term marketable ![]() actual cost systema valuation method that uses actual direct Adjusted present value (APV)The net present value analysis of an asset if financed solely by equity approximated net realizable value at split-off allocationa method of allocating joint cost to joint products using a Arbitrage-free option-pricing modelsYield curve option-pricing models. Asset pricing modelA model for determining the required rate of return on an asset. Asset pricing modelA model, such as the Capital Asset Pricing model (CAPM), that determines the required Automated storage/retrieval systemA racking system using automated systems Benefit ValueThe amount of cash payable on a benefit. Binomial modelA method of pricing options or other equity derivatives in ![]() Binomial option pricing modelAn option pricing model in which the underlying asset can take on only two Black-Scholes modelThe first complete mathematical model for pricing Black-Scholes option-pricing modelA model for pricing call options based on arbitrage arguments that uses Bond valueWith respect to convertible bonds, the value the security would have if it were not convertible Book valueA company's book value is its total assets minus intangible assets and liabilities, such as debt. A BOOK VALUEAn asset’s cost basis minus accumulated depreciation. Book ValueThe value of an asset as carried on the balance sheet of a Book valueAn asset’s original cost, less any depreciation that has been subsequently incurred. book valueNet worth of the firm’s assets or liabilities according book value and book value per shareGenerally speaking, these terms BOOK VALUE OF COMMON STOCKThe theoretical amount per share that each stockholder would receive if a company’s assets were sold on the balance sheet’s date. Book value equals: Book value per shareThe ratio of stockholder equity to the average number of common shares. Book value Book Value per ShareThe book value of a company divided by the number of shares business intelligence (BI) systema formal process for gathering and analyzing information and producing intelligence to meet decision making needs; requires information about business-value-added activityan activity that is necessary for the operation of the business but for which a customer would not want to pay Capital asset pricing model (CAPM)An economic theory that describes the relationship between risk and Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM)A model for estimating equilibrium rates of return and values of capital asset pricing model (CAPM)Theory of the relationship between risk and return which states that the expected risk CAPITAL IN EXCESS OF PAR VALUEWhat a company collected when it sold stock for more than the par value per share. Carrying valueBook value. Cash-surrender valueAn amount the insurance company will pay if the policyholder ends a whole life Cash Surrender ValueThis is the amount available to the owner of a life insurance policy upon voluntary termination of the policy before it becomes payable by the death of the life insured. This does not apply to term insurance but only to those policies which have reduced paid up values and cash surrender values. A cash surrender in lieu of death benefit usually has tax implications. Cash Surrender ValueBenefit that entitles a policy owner to an amount of money upon cancellation of a policy. Cash value added (CVA)A method of investment appraisal that calculates the ratio of the net present value of an charge-back systema system using transfer prices; see transfer Clearing House Automated Payments System (CHAPS)A computerized clearing system for sterling funds Clearing House Interbank Payments System (CHIPS)An international wire transfer system for high-value constant-growth dividend discount modelVersion of the dividend discount model in which dividends grow at a constant rate. Constant-growth modelAlso called the Gordon-Shapiro model, an application of the dividend discount Continuous random variableA random value that can take any fractional value within specified ranges, as Conversion valueAlso called parity value, the value of a convertible security if it is converted immediately. cost control systema logical structure of formal and/or informal cost management system (CMS)a set of formal methods decision variablean unknown item for which a linear programming dependent variablean unknown variable that is to be predicted Deterministic modelsLiability-matching models that assume that the liability payments and the asset cash Discounted dividend model (DDM)A formula to estimate the intrinsic value of a firm by figuring the Discrete random variableA random variable that can take only a certain specified set of discrete possible dividend discount modelComputation of today’s stock price which states that share value equals the present value of all expected future dividends. Dividend discount model (DDM)A model for valuing the common stock of a company, based on the Dividend growth modelA model wherein dividends are assumed to be at a constant rate in perpetuity. Du Pont systemA breakdown of ROE and ROA into component ratios. Dupont system of financial controlHighlights the fact that return on assets (ROA) can be expressed in terms economic components modelAbrams’ model for calculating DLOM based on the interaction of discounts from four economic components. Economic Value Added (EVA)Operating profit, adjusted to remove distortions caused by certain accounting rules, less a charge economic value added (EVA)a measure of the extent to which income exceeds the dollar cost of capital; calculated economic value added (EVA)Term used by the consulting firm Stern Stewart for profit remaining after deduction of the cost Electronic Federal Tax Payment Systems (EFTPS)An electronic funds transfer system used by businesses to remit taxes to the government. enterprise resource planning (ERP) systema packaged software program that allows a company to Enterprise resource planning systemA computer system used to manage all company European Monetary System (EMS)An exchange arrangement formed in 1979 that involves the currencies Exercise valueThe amount of advantage over a current market transaction provided by an in-the-money Exit valueThe value that an asset is expected to have at the time it is sold at a predetermined ExogenousAn adjective indicating that something is determined by forces unrelated to the theory determining the variables under investigation. Exogenous ExpenditureSee autonomous expenditure. Exogenous variableA variable whose value is determined outside the model in which it is used. Also called Expected valueThe weighted average of a probability distribution. Expected ValueThe value of the possible outcomes of a variable weighted by the Expected value of perfect informationThe expected value if the future uncertain outcomes could be known Extraordinary positive valueA positive net present value. Extrapolative statistical modelsmodels that apply a formula to historical data and project results for a Face valueSee: Par value. Face ValueThe nominal value of a security. Also called the par value. Face valueThe maturity value of a security. Also known as par value, face valuePayment at the maturity of the bond. Also called par value or maturity value. Face ValueThe payoff value of a bond upon maturity. Also called par value. See principal. Face ValueThe nominal value which appears on the face of a document recording an entitlement, generally an amount of money that has to be repaid on the maturity of a debt instrument. Factor modelA way of decomposing the factors that influence a security's rate of return into common and Fair market valueThe price that an asset or service will fetch on the open market. Fair Market ValueThe highest price available, expressed in terms of cash, in an open and unrestricted market between informed, prudent parties acting at arm's length and under no compulsion to transact. Fair ValueThe amount at which an asset could be purchased or sold or a liability incurred or Federal Reserve SystemThe central bank of the U.S., established in 1913, and governed by the Federal Federal Reserve SystemThe central banking authority responsible for monetary policy in the United States. Firm's net value of debtTotal firm value minus total firm debt. Flat price (also clean price)The quoted newspaper price of a bond that does not include accrued interest. flexible manufacturing system (FMS)a production system in which a single factory manufactures numerous variations Future valueThe amount of cash at a specified date in the future that is equivalent in value to a specified Future ValueThe amount a given payment, or series of payments, will be worth future valuethe amount to which one or more sums of Future valueThe value that a sum of money (the present value) earning future valueAmount to which an investment will grow after earning interest. Future ValueThe amount to which a payment or series of payments will grow by a given future date when compounded by a given interest rate. FVIF future value interest factor. Garmen-Kohlhagen option pricing modelA widely used model for pricing foreign currency options. Gordon modelpresent value of a perpetuity with growth. 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